Search Engine Glossary of Terms

Cloaking:

Directing a search engine spider to another page different from what displays in the browser.  Used to increase the chances of the page getting a higher ranking. Considered spamming. Highly recommend against this technique!
Cost Per Click:
What you are charged whenever someone clicks on your sponsored link.
Crawler:
Search engine software that automatically searches the web, storing URLs and indexing keywords, links and text. Also referred to as spiders or robots.
Directory:
Human compiled listing of Web sites in a logical hierarchical order.  (Yahoo!, Looksmart and DMOZ are all directories)
Distribution:
Search engines, Directories and Pay for Placement providers enter deals with portals and other web suites to distribute their search engines results to those sites.  Also called syndication.
Index:
A searchable database catalog of documents or web pages created by a search engine
Keyword:
Word or phrase a Web searcher uses when performing a Web search.
Keyword Density:
1) Amount of times that a keyword phrase is used on a page. 
2) A formula to determine whether keywords are being overused on a page.  The formula is the total number of words in al keyword mentions divided by the total number of words on a page.  Keywords should fall between 2 and 8 % density.
Landing Page:
The page a web user reaches after clicking on the link in the Search Engines results page.
Link Popularity:
The number and quality of links on other sites pointed to a Web page.  Search engines increasingly rely on this to determine their rankings.  Also called Page Popularity.
Mirroring
Multiple copies of web sites or web pages, often on different servers using different domain names. The process of registering these multiple copies with search engines is often treated as spamdexing, because it artificially increases the relevancy of the pages.  This spamming technique can be detected by the search engines and the site can be penalized for it by a lower ranking or removal from the database.
PageRank
As defined by Google "PageRank relies on the uniquely democratic nature of the web by using its vast link structure as an indicator of an individual page's value. In essence, Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B. But, Google looks at more than the sheer volume of votes, or links a page receives; it also analyzes the page that casts the vote. Votes cast by pages that are themselves "important" weigh more heavily and help to make other pages "important."   Full explanation at Google http://www.google.com/technology/
Paid Inclusion:
Paying to be included in a search engine or directory index.  also called Pay for Inclusion (PFI)
Paid Placement:
Paying for a link to be included on a search results page, usually at the top or on the right side of the regular search results set.  This section will typically be labeled "Sponsor Results"
Search Engine:
The software that searches an index or database and returns matches. Search engine is often used synonymously with spider and index, although these are separate components that work with the engine.
Search Engine Optimization:
Catch all term for techniques used to improve a Web pages position in a search engines results page.  Generally involves modifying the Web pages code and written copy.
Spam:
Techniques such as cloaking, mirroring, doorway pages (also called gateway or bridge) used to trick the search engines into giving the page a higher ranking or listing in the results set.  Search engines will penalize or de-list a site if they are caught using these spamming techniques.
Spamming:

"Spamming is the alteration or creation of a document with intent to deceive an electronic catalog or filing system. Some Web authors use subversive techniques to get their sites to appear more frequently or higher in returned search results. This is something that the search engines strongly discourage and may penalize people for.

Those who continually attempt to subvert or spam the search engines may be permanently excluded from the index. Extreme or repeated violations may be subject to legal action.

Words used to describe the pages must accurately represent their content. most search engines detect common spamming practices and penalizes pages that use them. Unfortunately, in some cases this may cause valid pages to be penalized as well. For best results, the following Web publishing techniques should be avoided:

Overuse or repetition of keywords
Use of keywords that do not relate to the content of the site
Use of fast meta refresh
Redirection
Cloaking (IP Cloaking)
Use of colored text on same-color background
Duplication of pages with different URLs
Use of different pages that bridge to the same URL (gateway pages)

Please note these are only a few examples of what is considered spamming. There are many more types that are not illustrated here.  

Spider:
See Crawler
XML Feed:
A simplified version of HTML that allows data to be sent to search engines in the format that they can interpret.
Acronyms:

CPC - Cost Per Click

CTR - Click Through Rate

PFI - Pay for Inclusion

SEM - Search Engine Marketing

SEO - Search Engine Optimization

SEP - Search Engine Placement

SERP - Search Engine Results Page

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